Highlights

Electron-hole plasma expansion with velocities exceeding c/50 and lasting over 10 ps at 300 K was evidenced by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy [1]. This regime, in which the carriers are driven over >30 μm is governed by stimulated emission due to low-energy electron-hole pair recombination and reabsorption of the emitted photons outside the plasma volume. At low temperatures a speed of c/10 was observed in the regime where the excitation pulse spectrally overlaps with emitted photons, leading to strong coherent light-matter interaction and optical soliton propagation effects.

Reference:
[1] T. Troha, F. Klimovič, T. Ostatnický, F. Kadlec, P. Kužel, and H. Němec, Ultrafast long-distance electron-hole plasma expansion in GaAs mediated by stimulated emission and reabsorption of photons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 226301 (2023).
[2] T. Troha, F. Klimovič, T. Ostatnický, H. Němec and P Kužel, Photon-assisted ultrafast electron–hole plasma expansion in direct band semiconductors, Nanophotonics 13, 1859 (2024).

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Reference:
[1] J. Vít, F. Kadlec, C. Kadlec, F. Borodavka, Y.S. Chai, K. Zhai, Y. Sun and S. Kamba, Electromagnon in the Y-type hexaferrite BaSrCoZnFe11AlO22, Phys. Rev. B 97, 134406 (2018).

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NbN is a prototypical BCS superconductor in the ground state. In the strong excitation regime the pump pulse immediately breaks all the Cooper pairs into separate quasiparticles. Subsequently, as the heat is dissipated out of the films towards the substrate, Cooper pairs start to recover. Using time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy, we characterized a series of NbN films with various thicknesses under such strong photoexcitation. Analysis of the photoconductivity spectra reveals that the recovery of Cooper pairs initially proceeds through the emergence of mutually isolated superconducting islands, which subsequently grow with increasing time towards a nearly percolated superconducting network. The superconductivity restoring is faster than the recovery of the superconducting gap to its equilibrium value. Most interestingly, experiments suggest that the profile of the density of states of strongly photoexcited films differs during the recovery process from the ones obtained for the thermal equilibrium at any temperature. This phenomenon is controlled by confinement effects within the films.

Reference:
[1] M. Šindler, C. Kadlec, P. Kužel, K. Ilin, M. Siegel, and H. Němec, Departure from BCS response in photoexcited superconducting NbN films observed by terahertz spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. B 97, 054507 (2018).

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Usually, all the relevant charge carrier scattering processes in the studied system are not known since their independent experimental determination is difficult. The usual approach based on the Kubo formula introduces a phenomenological charge scattering rate (or relaxation time) accounting for all the scattering processes. This approximation is highly pertinent in the optical range. However, the approach fails at low frequencies in nanocrystals in the regime where the scattering rate is comparable to the probing frequency; e.g., it always yields nonzero conductivity at zero frequency (dc regime) even if the nanocrystals are mutually perfectly isolated.
We have shown [1] that the broken translation symmetry of the nanostructures induces a broadband drift-diffusion current, which is not taken into account in the analysis based on Kubo formula in the relaxation time approximation. The proper introduction of this current removes all the contradictions, fulfills the classical limit in the case of large nanocrystals and it is at the origin of significant reshaping of the conductivity spectra up to terahertz or multiterahertz spectral ranges. It is used for the interpretation of temperature dependent photoconductivity spectra in various nanocrystal systems.

Reference:
[1] T. Ostatnický, V. Pushkarev, H. Němec, and P. Kužel, Quantum theory of terahertz conductivity of semiconductor nanostructures, Phys. Rev. B 97, 085426 (2018).

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In this regime the polaron mobility depends on the polaron density; as a consequence, highly complex transport phenomena occur on a picosecond scale involving fine interplay between diffusion and recombination. We developed a general model to disentangle these phenomena and we determined dynamical properties of electron and hole polarons. At room temperature internal degrees of freedom of polarons are also observed through a dramatic increase of the transient permittivity in photoexcited state
[ V. Zajac, H. Němec, and P. Kužel, Phys. Rev. B 94, 115206 (2016)].

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Straightforward fitting of the raw terahertz conductivity spectra by the Drude-Smith model, which was abundantly used in the literature, did not lead to a significant advance in an in-depth understanding of these phenomena. This is mainly because of the depolarization fields which build up in any inhomogeneous system. On the one hand, these fields reflect the sample morphology and their understanding in each particular system may provide new information about the nanostructure connectivity. On the other hand, the effect of unknown depolarization fields can hide or distort fingerprints of the nanoscopic transport.

Recently, we devoted a systematic effort to describe the depolarization fields in photoconductive nanostructures and to disentangle their effect from that of the local carrier response function [1].

1. We proposed a general relation between the effective photoconductivity (measured in the THz experiment) and the microscopic response function. It is based on the general Bergman representation of effective medium theory for a two-component system with a single dominant depolarization factor. We have shown that our model describes both percolated and non-percolated samples and structures with complex percolation pathways [2].
2. We solved the wave equation in an inhomogeneous sample and demonstrated that the transient sheet photoconductivity is directly measured in THz experiments for any spatial profile of the photoconductivity and any thin film sample morphology [1,3].
3. The microscopic response function can be determined by Monte-Carlo calculations of the motion of a single carrier inside nanoparticles [4].

Analysis of experimental data within this framework allows us to uncover the nature of charge carrier transport at nanoscale and to assess the sample morphology in quite arbitrary nanostructured systems.

Based on this approach we proposed microscopic models of the response of partly or completely localized charge carriers in a number of systems including various TiO₂ nano- and microparticle networks [2,5], in Sb-doped SnO₂ nanoparticles [6,7], and in various nanocrystalline silicon systems [3,8], For example, in [9] we investigated a regular array of vertically aligned InP nanowires (Fig. 1). In this structure, photonic waveguiding effects inside nanowires and interferences of the excitation optical beam should have been properly taken into account to describe the sample photoexcitation. We were able to determine high transversal electron mobility in nanowires which, in comparison with the longitudinal mobility, indicates the presence of stacking faults in the growth direction (Figure 1).

References
[1] P. Kuzel and H. Nemec, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 47, 374005 (2014).
[2] H. Nemec et al., IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 3, 302 (2013).
[3] V. Zajac et al., New J. Phys. 16, 093013 (2014).
[4] H. Nemec et al., Phys. Rev. B 79, 115309 (2009).
[5] S. A. Jensen et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 1191 (2014).
[6] K. Peters et al., Chem. Mater. 27, 1090 (2015).
[7] K. V. Skoromets et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 119, 19485 (2015).
[8] H. H. Němec et al., Phys. Rev. B 91, 195443 (2015).
[9] C. S. Ponseca et al., Phys. Rev. B 90, 085405 (2014).

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Although crystals of TiO₂ (rutile) do not exhibit magnetic properties, it is possible to use rutile, due to its high dielectric constant, to create a magnetic response. Layers consisting of randomly distributed TiO₂ microspheres exhibit a series of Mie resonances in the terahertz spectral range, where the lowest-frequency one is associated with a strong dispersion in the effective magnetic permeability. W e also developed a new method of measuring unambiguously such a magnetic response [1]. Recently, rigid metamaterials were prepared by embedding TiO2 microspheres into polyethylene. The presented approach shows a way for low-cost massive fabrication of mechanically stable terahertz metamaterials based on dielectric microresonators [2].

References
[1] H. Němec et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 061117 (2012).
[2] M. Šindler et al., Opt. Express 24, 18340 (2016).

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